review of

Gregory Benford's "Timescape"

 

2170. "review of Gregory Benford's "Timescape""

- the complete version of the review

- credited to: tENTATIVELY, a cONVENIENCE

- published on my "Critic" website May 28, 2023

- http://idioideo.pleintekst.nl/CriticBenford.html

review of

Gregory Benford's "Timescape"

by tENTATIVELY, a cONVENIENCE - May 24-27, 2023

For the complete review go here: http://idioideo.pleintekst.nl/CriticBenson.html

https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/5579659812

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/909491.Timescape

 

So far, I've only read 2 other bks by Benford: "In the Ocean of Night" (my review: https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/2678417050 ) & "Artifact" (the truncated review is here: https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/4647619699 ). I basically have no memory of the 1st one. I have a better memory of the 2nd & I remember liking it. Then again, I like more or less everything I read - w/ very few exceptions. This one, however, struck me as special, I found it satisfying at many levels.

The bk was copyrighted in 1980 & part of it is set in a future of 1998, now, obviously, the past. The novel's 1998 is the time of a rapidly increasing ecodilemma that's accompanied by a substantial social decline. Scientific funding is mainly going to research hopeful of solving the crisis.

""Okay. Thanks, Daddy. I'll leave it here. I know you're doing frightfully important work. The English master said so."

""Oh, did he? What did he say"

""Well, actually . . ." The boy hesitated. "He said the scientists got us into this beastly mess in the first place and they're the only ones who can get us out of it now, if anyone can."

""He's not the first one to say that, Johnny. That's a truism."

""Truism? What's a truism, Daddy?"

""My form mistress says just the opposite." Nicky came in suddenly. "She says the scientists have caused enough trouble already. She says God is the only one who can get us out of it and He probably won't."" - p 2

There're food & fuel shortages.

"["]No meat again this week, but I got a bit of cheese at the farm and I pulled some early carrots. I think we may have some potatoes this year.["]"

[..]

"The last bit of cycling, nipping through the outskirts of Cambridge, was the worst. The streets were difficult to negotiate, with cars parked every which way, abandoned. There had been a national program to recycle them" - p 3

The main subject of the novel is an attempt to communicate w/ the past using tachyons. This communication is hoped to tip the past people off about how to prevent the coming eco-disasters.

""Well, we've got a large indium antimonide sample in there, see-" Renfrew pointed to the encased volume between the magnet poles. "We hit it with high-energy ions. When the ions strike the indium they give off tachyons. It's a complex, very sensitive ion-nuclei reaction." He glanced at Peterson. "Tachyons are particles that travel faster than light, you know. On the other side-" he pointed around the magnets" - p 7

""Hold on," Peterson said, putting up a hand. "Aim for what? Where is 1963?"

""Quite far away, as it works out. Since 1963, the earth's been going round the sun, while the sun itself is revolving around the hub of the galaxy, and so on. Add that up and you find 1963 is pretty distant."

""Relative to what?"

""Well, relative to the center of mass of the local group of galaxies, of course. Mind, the local group is moving, too, relative to the frame of reference provided by the microwave radiation background, and-"

""Look, skip the jargon, can't you? You're saying the 1963 is in the sky somewhere?"

""Quite so. We send out a beam of tachyons to hit that spot. We sweep the volume of space occupied by the earth at that particular time."" - p 9

Right away, I respect the ideas put forth. How many time travel novels take into consideration that a different time for Point A will have Point A also in a different space? It seems to me that most time travel novels have people traveling in time & then coming out in the same place at a different time. SO, if the time traveler goes 20 yrs in the future, starting next to a young tree out in a field they arrive in that same field w/ the tree 20 yrs older & bigger. Instead, they'd arrive in the same point in space, where the field & the planet wd no longer be.

The wife of the scientist, Renfrew, just explaining the tachyon project, is married to Marjorie. She talks to plants.

"It was early in the year, but a few roses were blossoming already. She talked to each bush as she passed it.

""Charlotte Armstrong, you're doing very well. Look at all those buds. You're going to be absolutely beautiful this summer. Tiffany, how are you? I see some greenfly on you. I'll have to spray you.["]" - p 11

Marjorie gets threatened by one of the local displaced people who's started squatting near her.

""Your kind 'ave 'ad it all their way. There'll be a revolution and then you'll be beggin' for 'elp. And you think you'll get it? Not bloody likely!"" - p 13

That helps set the social mood. This being a well-rounded novel, there's more scientific theorizing for the entertainment of nerds like myself.

""I think the hardest thing to see," Greg said, starting as if he were composing an article in his head, "is why particles traveling faster than light should mean anything about time.""

[..]

"["]His tachyon experiment takes Einstein's ideas a step further, in a way. The discovery of particles traveling faster than light means those two moving observers won't agree about which even came first, either. That is, the sense of time gets scrambled."

""But surely that's merely a difficulty of communication. A problem with the tachyon beams and so on."

""No, dead wrong. It's fundamental. See, the 'light barrier,' as it was called, kept us in a universe which had a disordered sense of what's simultaneous. But at least we could tell which way time flowed! Now we can't even do that."" - p 32

Welp, Renfrew does succeed in sending his tachyon msg back to 1962 to an appropriately alert scientist who struggles w/ trying to figure out what's happening.

""Hey, try this," Cooper said, jarring Gordon out of his musing. "Suppose we're seeing a time-varying input here, the way you said it was, you know, days ago-when we started searching for outside noise sources. Our transcribing pen is moving at a constant rate across the paper, right?" Gordon nodded. "So these spikes here are spaced about a centimeter apart, and then two spaced half a centimeter. Then a one centimeter interval, three half-centimeters, and so on."" - p 40

""Like a goddamned code," Cooper finished.

"Cooper wiped at his mouth and stared at the <i>x-y</i> recordings.

""Do you know Morse code?" Gordon asked him quietly. "I don't."

""Well, yeah. I did when I was a kid anyway."

""Let's lay out these sheets, in the order I took the data." Gordon stood up with renewed energy. He picked the broken pencil off the floor and inserted it in a pencil sharpener and started turning the handle. It made a raw, grinding noise." - p 41

As I sometimes point out in my reviews, my attn is attracted when a detail in a bk somehow reverberates in my own life.

"The waiter brought Peterson's ale and Markham's Mackeson stout." - p 67

Mackeson's Triple Stout is one of my favorite beers.

"Markham sighed. "Until tachyons were discovered, everybody thought communication with the past was impossible. The incredible thing is that the physics of time communication had been worked out earlier, almost by accident, as far back as the 1940s. Two physicists named John Wheeler and Richard Feynmann worked out the correct description of light itself, and showed that there were two waves launched whenever you tried to make a radio wave, say."

"Two?"

"Right. One of them we receive on our radio sets. The other travels backward in time-the 'advanced wave,' as Wheeler and Feynmann called it."

""But we don't receive any message before it's sent."

""Markham nodded. "True-but the advanced wave is there, in the mathematics. There's no way around it. The equations of physics are all time-symmetric. That's one of the riddles of modern physics. How is it that we preceive time passing, and yet all the equations of physics say that time can run either way, forward or backward?"" - p 70

Not surprisingly, I find that conundrum fascinating. I don't really know diddly-squat about Feynmann & Wheeler's work but I did watch a documentary about Feynmann 20+ yrs ago (about wch I remember next-to-nothing).

"["]The mass of these particles isn't what we'd call an observable. That means we can't bring a tachyon to rest, since it must always travel faster than light. So, if we can't bring it to a stop in our lab, we can't measure its mass at rest. The only definition of mass is what you can put on the scales and weigh-which you can't do, if it's moving. With tachyons, all you can measure is momentum-that is, impact."" - p 72

Now that's the theory re tachyons in 1980. Reading that got me to wondering where tachyon theory is at in 2023.

"Tachyons are hypothetical particles that always move faster than light. They have never been detected and are believed, by some, to be impossible.

"This is because particles that move faster than light would break our current understanding of the laws of physics.

"The term "tachyon" is derived from the Greek word tachy, which means fast.

However, if they are real, such particles might be utilized to transmit signals faster than light. According to the Theory of Relativity, this could defy causality and result in logical dilemmas like the "Grandfather Paradox."

"This paradox is exemplified by the impossibility of someone traveling back in time to kill their grandfather. Since that person could no longer go on to create their own parent, it would not, therefore, be possible to go back in time in the first place.

"You simply wouldn't exist.

"However, there are ways to get around the paradox within the confines of contemporary physics without doing away with time travel entirely.

"In any case, it would be strange for tachyons to speed up as their energy goes down, and it would take infinite energy to slow down to the speed of light. There is currently no conclusive experimental proof that such particles exist.

"Gerald Feinberg, a physicist and science author, suggested that tachyonic particles may be created from excitations of a quantum field with "imaginary" mass in a 1967 paper entitled "Possibility of faster-than-light particles."

"Still, it was quickly shown that Feinberg's model didn't actually account for superluminal (faster-than-light) particles or messages and that tachyonic fields only cause instability, not violations of causality.

"However, rather than referring to faster-than-light particles, the term "tachyon" is frequently used in current physics to describe fictitious mass fields. These fields are essential in contemporary physics.

"Interestingly, some complementary kinds of particles are known to exist and are referred to as luxons (which always move at the speed of light) and bradyons (which always move slower than light)."

- https://interestingengineering.com/science/tachyons-particle-beat-light-in-race

Well, well, it seems that tachyon theory hasn't advanced since the writing of this novel & that, in fact, this novel addresses its possibilities in a fairly thorough manner insofar as it hypothesizes a way around the Grandfather Paradox. Bravo!

"["]What's the rate of the passage of time?"

""Well, it's-" Peterson stopped, thinking.

"How can time move? The rate is one second of movement per second! There's no conceivable coordinate system in physics from which we can measure time passing. So there isn't any. Time is frozen, as far as the universe is concerned."" - p 75

"stamped in red on a black cover-The Geography of Calamity: Geopolitics of Human Dieback by John Holdren." - p 78

I assumed that the bk was fictitious given its dramatic death-reporting nature but I looked for it online just in case I was missing something. I didn't find it. I DID find an entry re "John Holdren":

"Holdren was born in Sewickley, Pennsylvania and grew up in San Mateo, California. He trained in aeronautics, astronautics and plasma physics and earned a bachelor's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1965 and a Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1970 supervised by Oscar Buneman." - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holdren

THAT made me wonder whether it was coincidence or, perhaps, an in-joke of the author's about someone he knew or knew of.

""I see you have some Pernod there. Could I have a Pernod and tequila, with a dash of lemon, if you please?"

""Jeez, what a mixture, Is it good? I don't often drink hard liquor myself. Liver, y'know. Sit down. I'm pretty sure we have some lemon juice. My wife will know. Does that drink have a name or did you invent it?" Kiefer was acting erratically again.

""I believe it's called a macho," Peterson said wryly." - p 102

Sheesh! Can you imagine drinking that?! There was a time when I loved Pernod & water, Pastis, but the last time I drank it it acted as such an irritant on my body that I had a herpes outbreak the next morning. That was it for me, no more Pernod. Just consider that story as a personal equivalent to the following msg rc'vd via tachyon Morse Code by the 1962 characters:

"ALYN YOU MUST STOP ABOVE NAMED SUBSTANCES FROM ENTERING OCEAN LIFE CHAIN AMZSUY RDUCDK BY PROHIBITIONS OF FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES CALLANAN B471 FOUR SEVEN ONEMESTOFITE SALEN MARINE COMPOUND ALPHA THROUGH DELTA YDEMCLW URGENT" - pp 110-111

"Once he spent the whole week trying to crack Fermat's Last Theorem, skipping lectures to scribble away. Somewhere around 1650, Pierre de Fermat jotted the equation x to the power of n + y to the power of n = z to the power of n in the margins of his copy of Diopantus' Arithmetic. Fermat wrote that if x, y, z and n were positive integers, there were no solutions to the equation for n greater than two. "The proof is too long to write in this margin," Fermat scribbled. In the 300 years since, no one had been able to prove it. Was Fermat bluffing? Maybe there wasn't a proof." - p 116

"In 1993, after six years of working secretly on the problem, [Andrew] Wiles succeeded in proving enough of the conjecture to prove Fermat's Last Theorem." - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem

Then Simon Singh wrote a bk about that called "Fermat's Last Theorem" ( https://www.amazon.com/Fermats-Last-Theorem-Simon-Singh/dp/1841157910 ). I read that & wrote my own heretical math bk called "Paradigm Shift Knuckle Sandwich & other examples of P.N.T. (Perverse Number Theory)" ( http://idioideo.pleintekst.nl/Book2017Paradigm.html ) wch referenced Singh's bk.

In other words, all this nerd stuff ties together. Here's another example:

"" 'Take the prisoner to the deepest dungeon," he said condescendingly."

"Gordon frowned, puzzled, sure the wine had scrambled the man's brains.

"Penny volunteered, "It's a Tom Swiftie."

""What?" Gordon rasped impatiently. Cliff nodded sagely.

""A, well, a joke. A pun," she replied, imploring Gordon with her eyes to go along, to let the evening end on a happy note. You're supposed to top it."

""Um . . ." Gordon felt uncomfortable, hot. "I can't . . ."

""My turn." Penny patted Cliff's shoulder, in part as though to steady him. "How about 'I learned a lot about women in Paris,' said Tom Indifferently?"

"Cliff barked with laughter, gave her a good-humored slap on the rear, and shuffled to the door." - p 129

(See my review of 'Victor Appleton II's "Tom Swift and His Flying Lab": http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6349868-tom-swift-jr-his-flying-lab )

Gordon, the 1962-1963 scientist who's rc'vd the tachyon Morse Code, has shared the msg w/ various colleagues.

""I cracked it," Saul said tersely. "The message."

""What . . . ?"

""The dots and dashes at the end? That spelled no words? They aren't words-they're a picture!"

"Gordon gave him a skeptical look and put down his briefcase.

""I counted the dashes in that long transmission. 'Noise,' you said. There were 1537 dashes."

""So?"

""Frank Drake and I and a lot of other people have been thinking of ways to transfer pictures by simple on-off signals. It's simple-send a rectangular grid."" - p 138

It's exciting, isn't it? Isn't it basically what a fax machine does?

"The first recognizable version of what we consider the telephone fax was invented in 1964 by the Xerox company, but the technology that led to that advancement was created much earlier. In fact, it was Alexander Baine in 1843 who invented the electric printing telegraph. His development simulated a 2D image on paper, taking the limited communication potential of the telegraph to another level." - https://www.hp.com/us-en/shop/tech-takes/when-was-fax-invented

"Peterson and Renfrew were still unable to resist sniping at each other. Peterson was obviously drawn to the experiment, despite his automatic habit of distancing himself. Renfrew appreciated Peterson's support, but kept pushing for more. Markham found the ornate dance between the two men comic, all the more so because it was virtually unconscious. With their class-calibrated speech patterns, the two men had squared off at the first differing vowel. If Renfrew had stayed a laborer's son he would have got along smoothly with Peterson, each knowing his time-ordained role. As a man swimming in exotic academic waters, however, Renfrew had no such referents. Science had a way of bringing about such conflicts. You could come out of nowhere and make your mark, without having learned any new social mannerisms. Fred Hoyle's stay at Cambridge had been a case in point. Hoyle had been an astronomer in the old mold of seeker-after-truth, advancing controversial theories and sweeping aside the cool rational mannerisms when they didn't suit his mood." - p 152

Thank the holy ceiling light I don't live in England, class conflict is already too intense in the US, in England it must be insufferable.

"He passed a construction site, where overalled chimps carried stonework and did the odd heavy job. Remarkable, what the tinkering with the DNA had done in the last few years." - p 153

& that's the 1st & last mention of THAT - it cd be taken as part of the explanation of why so many humans are out-of-work & squatting.

"On the corner of St. Andres and Market streets was Barrett's barber shop, a faded sign proclaiming, "Barrett is willing to shave all, and only men unwilling to shave themselves." Markham laughed. This was a Cambridge insiders' joke, a reference to the logical trickery of Bertrand Russell and the mathematicians of a century ago." - pp 153-154

[..]

"Russell had devised this paradox, and tried to solve it by inventing what he called a "meta-sign" which said "Barrett shall be excluded from the class of all men to whom the first sign refers."" - p154

I don't remember Russell's paradox as referring specifically to a barber named Barrett but, instead, to a "Barber of Seville" as an opera reference. I, in turn, used a "Civilian Barber" in my movie "Haircut Paradox": https://youtu.be/pXMl1ZbMm9l .

"The classical observer didn't exist. Everything in the world was quantum-mechanical. Everything moved according to waves of probability. So the massive, untouched experimenter himself got pushed back on."

[..]

"The essence of the problem was, what made the particle appear in only one spot? Why did it pick out one of the possible states and not another? It was as though the universe had many possible ways it could go, and something made it choose a particular one." - p 157

Maybe it got carded at the door & turned away.

"Setting up a paradox kept the wave going in a loop, setting the system into a kind of dumbfounded frenzy, unable to decide on what state it should be in. Something had to choose one." - p 158

Not necessarily. The character is trying to solve the Grandfather Paradox. How can a tachyon go into the past for the purpose of making an alteration of the future w/o altering it in such a way that the tachyon message is no longer sent? Leaving the whole process in an unresolved limbo. Of course, one of the possibilities is that alternate universes are constantly being generated, the original one in wch the tachyon message was sent now coexists w/ one where it doesn't & the tachyon message has caused the eco-problem to be solved. Then again, maybe there're other possibilities such as that once the grandather exists that's it, he exists, & his grandson can't go back in time & kill him. Maybe the problem that the paradox creates is predicated on believing in a possibility that doesn't exist.

Meanwhile, back in 1962, a professor in a position of authority continues to try to intimidate the researcher into stopping analyzing the signals he's getting.

""You realize," Lakin said carefully, "that talk of a message will-aside from making you appear a fool-cast doubt on the spontaneous resonance effect?"

""Maybe."

"Lakin looked at Gordon sharply. "I believe you should reflect upon it."

"Gordon murmured impishly, "To shine is better than to reflect."" - p 164

"Their personalities didn't match, and maybe that was in the end the most important thing in research. Crick and Watson hadn't got on with Rosalind Franklin, and that prevented their collaboration on the DNA helix riddle. Together they might have cracked the problem earlier. Science abounded with fierce conflicts, many of which blocked progress. There were great missed opportunities-if Oppenheimer had broken through Einstein's hardening isolation, perhaps the two of them could have gone beyond Oppenheimer's 1939 work on neutron stars to consider the whole general relativistic problem of collapsing matter. But they hadn't, in part because Einstein stopped listening to others, cut himself off with his own drowsy dreams of a complete unified field theory . . ." - p 198

""What reminded you of that?"

""Huh? Oh. Well, you said running wasn't worthless, and I remembered that I had a student last semester who used the longest word in the English language, deliberately, in a paper I was grading. It's 'flocvinaucinihilipilification.' It means the act of estimating is worthless."" - p 250

This matter of the the longest word in English is of great interest to me. I've used what have been purported to be the longest words in English in at least 3 contexts. The 1st time I took the longest word from "Mrs. Byrne's Dictionary of Unusual, Obscure, and Preposterous Words" (copyright 1974), the chemical name for tryptophan synthesase A protein, a 1,913 letter word . I used that as part of my contribution to the etta cetera publication entitled "Edge Wise" & written by me as "Party Teen on Couch #2". For an even longer chemical name see my movie entitled "Titin" https://archive.org/details/Titin . That same word features prominently in my collaborative interview bk w/ Alan Davies entitled "tENTATIVELY, aN iNTERVIEW": http://idioideo.pleintekst.nl/Book2018iNTERVIEW.html . In the bk it runs on for about 60pp.

"In the walnut groves near Alamo a mechnical tree-shaker chuffed and wheezed. Its hydraulic arm yanked at the tree trunks, bringing showers of nuts bursting from the sky. Men shepherded a contraption down the lanes between the trees, coaxing its engine. It flicked rubber flippers to the side, herding the nuts into ragged rows. A picker followed after. The walnuts were still in their dappled greenhusks and the picker scooped them up, leaving behind the twigs and dirt and snapped branches. Jack explained that this new method would pay off in no time. A trailer carried the nuts to a gauntlet of brushes and wire nets, where the hulls were rubbed off. A natural gas oven baked off any hulls that stuck. "Going to revolutionize the industry," Jack pronounced." - p 306

That's another fascinating thing to consider. Not only did I not know how walnuts are mechanically harvested, but this becomes another factor in the increasing unemployment of the future of 35 yrs later.

Alternate histories are the indicator of the tachyon communication succeeding. In this case, a teenager stops Lee Harvey Oswald from doing any more firing & JFK lives.

""You got the rifle away from him?"

"Hayes grinned again. "Hell no, man. I mashed him up against that window sill. Then I leaned back to get some room an' I gave him a good one up side the head. He forgot all about that rifle, right then. So I hit him again and he went all glassy-eyed. His number was up, man."

""He was out cold?"

""Sure was. I do good work, fella."

""The the police arrived."

""Yeah, once this guy was out, I looked out the window. Saw all these cops lookin' up at me. Waved to 'em and called down to tell 'em where I was. They got up there right away."

""Could you see the President's Lincoln speeding away?"

""I didn't know there was any President.["]" - p 342

At the end there's a "PUBLISHER'S NOTE":

"Simon & Schuster/Pocket Books' science fiction and fantasy imprint, TIMESCAPE, takes its name from the title of this highly acclaimed novel by Gregory Benford. Benford's new word was chosen because it evokes so well the full breadth and richness of the imaginative literature it represents. It speaks of escape, entertainment, fantasy, all times and all places." - p 367

& I've known about the TIMESCAPE imprint but I didn't know that the name originated w/ this novel. Benford certainly deserves the honor, this novel was rewarding.

 

 

 

 

 

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